Rhesus b negative blood type1/23/2024 ![]() In the presence of D-antigens, an individual is “Rh-positive”, while in their absence, they are “Rh-negative”, and produce anti-D IgG antibodies. ![]() In addition, the Rhesus (Rh) factor system, derived from D-antigens, also present on the surface of RBCs. Blood plasma contains circulating immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against these antigens: blood type A contains anti-B antibodies, type B presents anti-A antibodies, type AB contains no antibodies, and blood type O has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Non-O and Rh-positive blood status are each associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in addition to other viral and non-viral infections.ĪBO blood group is determined by specific antigens present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs), determined at birth. High measures of heterogeneity were notably observed for all analyses. Rh-positive status had a higher OR p for SARS-CoV-2 infection within 6 case–control studies (13.83, 95% CI 6.18–30.96) and 6 cohort studies (19.04, 95% CI 11.63–31.17), compared to Rh-negative persons. For non-SARS-CoV-2 viral infections, the respective OR p were 1.98 (95% CI 1.49–2.65 4 case–control studies) and 1.87 (95% CI 1.53–2.29 12 cohort studies). Non-O blood groups had a higher OR p for SARS-CoV-2 than O blood groups, both within 22 case–control studies (2.13, 95% CI 1.49- 3.04) and 15 cohort studies (1.89, 95% CI 1.56- 2.29). Pooled odds ratios (OR p) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were then generated for each. English-language publications were selected that separately investigated the relation between ABO and/or Rh blood group and risk of SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2 infection. We systematically reviewed Embase and PubMed from January 1 st 1960 to May 31 st 2022. Persons with non-O and Rh-positive blood types are purported to be more susceptible to infection, including SARS-CoV-2, but there remains uncertainty about the degree to which this is so for both non-viral and viral infections.
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